Thin Film Deposition
Many modern technologies rely on the properties of surfaces rather than the bulk materials. In this image, an undergraduate student loads a sample into a vacuum chamber where a thin film of magnetic materials will be deposited.
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Pyrometallurgy
Pyrometallurgical processes, such as smelting, roasting, and converting, have been used by metallurgists for centuries to refine ores into metals.
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Flotation Cells
The flotation process occurs commercially in banks of cells. The cells concentrate valuable minerals from waste minerals to allow efficient downstream processing.
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Electrorefinery
Electrorefining produces high-purity metals (99.99+%). This makes the manufacturing of today's technically demanding products possible.
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